Blamming and Accusing Someone

Blaming is when someone said that person did a mistake that should be her/ his responbility, like choosing wrong way. Blaming is an expression that is used to say on somebody the responbility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done.

EXPRESSING BLAMING

• §  It was your own fault.
• §  What did you expect? You should have/shouldn't have...
• §  I told you but you wouldn't listen.
• §  It's no use crying over spill milk.
• §  It serves you right.
• §  Perhaps that'll teach you a lesson.
• §  You're the one to blame.

Admitting Mistakes and Making Promises

Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

When you have a mistake to someone, you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear. Admitting Mistake is the way you to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

The Benefits of Admitting Your Mistakes

·                     It demonstrates your courage

·                     It demonstrates your humanity

·                     It engenders more trusting relationships

·                     It creates greater organisational value

2nd and 3rd Conditional Sentences

2nd Conditional

Form: The if-clause is put in the simple past, the main clause has got a ‘would’ + infinitive.

Use: We use this type of sentence pattern when we express suppositions. These suppositions can be :

1.        statements of unreal situations

”If I were 18 again I would go on a round the world tour.” (I’m not 18, in fact I’m 25)

2.   about things that we don’t expect to happen

”If I won some money I would go on a round the world tour next year.” (But I don’t really expect to win money)

The structure of a second conditional sentence

Like a first conditional, a second conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause:

Making Suggestion and Requesting Something

We often suggest ideas or things to do. Here are some common examples with seeing a film. You can use the structures to talk about other things, of course.

Expressions to use in speaking and writing:

1. Why don't we go to the cinema?
2. Let's go to the cinema. What do you think?
3. How about going to the cinema?
4. How do you feel about seeing a film?
5. Fancy seeing a film?
6. I'd like to see a film. How about you?
7. We could always see a film.
8. Why not go and see a film?
9. Seeing a film's one idea.
10. It would be nice to see a film.

Complaining and Giving Istruction

COMPLAINING

Complaints are expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable. Suppose you want to complain about the pizza you have just ordered because it's too salty, what are the expressions needed to express and respond to complaints?

Making a Complaint:

• Here are useful expressions you can use when complaining:
• I’m afraid I have to make a serious complaint.
• Look, I’m sorry to trouble you, but….
• Excuse me, I’m afraid…
• Excuse me, there seems to be something wrong with…
• Excuse me, there appears to be something wrong…
• I wonder if you could help me…..
• I’ve got a bit of a problem here, you see……
• Do you think you could……?
• I’m sorry to have to say this, but….
• Would you mind (doing)….?
• I wish you wouldn’t mind….
• I do wish you could….
• Wouldn’t it be a good idea to/ not to….

Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Generally the purpose of an explanation text is explaining how something forms or why the thing happens. So when we read an explanation text, the text will cover the answer of "how" or "why" relating to a thing or a phenomenon. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Business Letters

Parts of a Business Letter

This resource is organized in the order in which you should write a business letter, starting with the sender's address if the letter is not written on letterhead.

Sender's Address

The sender's address usually is included in letterhead. If you are not using letterhead, include the sender's address at the top of the letter one line above the date. Do not write the sender's name or title, as it is included in the letter's closing. Include only the street address, city, and zip code.

Date

The date line is used to indicate the date the letter was written. However, if your letter is completed over a number of days, use the date it was finished in the date line. When writing to companies within the United States, use the American date format. (The United States-based convention for formatting a date places the month before the day. For example: June 11, 2001. ) Write out the month, day and year two inches from the top of the page. Depending which format you are using for your letter, either left justify the date or tab to the center point and type the date.

Asking About Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views

ASKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES

To know, to find, to inform possibilities the following phrases might be useful.

• Do you think it is possible
• Is it likely to….
• Is there any chance?
• Can she be…?
• I think it is going to….
• I bet…..
• It’s quite possible
• It seems probable
• It looks like
• It is not unlikely
• It is more than likely…..
• I won’t be surprised if……
• In all likelihood…..
• Would there be any possibility of ...?
• Do you think we are capable of ...?
• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• I think that would be possible ...
• Is it possible to …?
• Yes, there is a possibility …

Discussion Text

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.

Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

Points to check:

• Have you been fair to both sides?
• Have you supported your views with reasons ande vidence?
• In your conclusion, have you given a reason for what you have decided?

Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Contrastive Conjunction

Types of conjunction

Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.

There are five main types of conjunction in English.

1. Conjunctions of addition and replacement

Additive conjunctions simply add more information to what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions include:

and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.

Example:

The study used a small sample only and was strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore, the initial premise of the research was considered questionable in the light of previous evidence.

Conjunctions of replacement replace one piece of information with another. That is, they offer an alternative. Conjunctions of replacement include the words:

or, or else, alternatively.

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone From Doing Something

Persuading and Encouraging

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. So, someone want to do something as like as persuader’s request.

Expressions of persuading :

• Are you really sure you can’t/couldn’t...?
• Don’t be so silly!
• I really think it would be a pity if we didn’t...
• Are you quite sure you won’t consider...?
• Buy me this one, mom, please ?
• I really think you’d do well to...
• Oh, come on!
• Can’t I persuade you to...
• Let’s join... You won’t regret it.
• I’m begging you. Will you...?
• Just this once!
• How I can persuade you to…?
• Won't you… Please?
• Why don't you…?
• You're not going to let me down, are you?
• Not even for me/for my sake?

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

Direct - Indirect Speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." Or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

Passive Sentences

In a passive sentence, the subject does not perform the action in the sentence.  In fact, the action is performed on it.

Examples:

• Anita was driven to the theatre.In this example, "Anita" is the subject of the sentence - subject of the verb "was".  However, she did not perform the action of the verb "to drive".  The action was done to her; she was the recipient of the action.)
• Nowadays, kites are protected.("kites" - passive subject, i.e., the action is being done to them)
• The olives are stoned and crushed in this area. ("olives" - passive subject, i.e., the actions are being done to them)